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A relative clause is a clause that usually modifies a noun or noun phrase and is introduced by a relative pronoun (which, that, who, whom, whose), a relative adverb (where, when, why), or a zero relative. Also known as an adjective clause, an adjectival clause, and a relative construction.

A relative clause is a postmodifier--that is, it follows the noun or noun phrase it modifies.

Relative clauses are traditionally divided into two types: restrictive and nonrestrictive.

See Examples and Observations below.

• "It is not the employer who pays the wages. Employers only handle the money. It is the customer who pays the wages."
• "100% of the people who give 110% do not understand math."
• "More than 840,000 Vietnamese asylum seekers left the Communist regime and arrived in the countries of Southeast Asia and Hong Kong. These people, who came to be known as the 'boat people,' risked their lives at sea in search for freedom."
• "She had plenty of acquaintances, but no friends. Very few people whom she met were significant to her. They seemed part of a herd, undistinguished."
• "Occasionally Mother, whom we seldom saw in the house, had us meet her at Louie's. It was a long dark tavern at the end of the bridge near our school."
• "The fatal metaphor of progress, which means leaving things behind us, has utterly obscured the real idea of growth, which means leaving things inside us."
• "Peace is not merely a distant goal that we seek, but a means by which we arrive at that goal."

Positioning Relative Clauses
"Unlike prepositional phrases, restrictive relative clauses . . . always modify noun phrases. However, a relative clause doesn't always immediately follow the noun phrase that it modifies. For example, if two relative clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction (and, or, or but), then the second one doesn't immediately follow the noun phrase that it modifies:

• This article describes features that facilitate collaboration but that are not intended to increase security.

Anaphoric Elements in Relative Clauses
"Relative clauses are so called because they are related by their form to an antecedent. They contain within their structure an anaphoric element whose interpretation is determined by the antecedent. This anaphoric element may be overt or covert. In the overt case the relative clause is marked by the presence of one of the relative words who, whom, whose, which, etc., as or within the initial constituent: clauses of this type we call wh relatives. In non-wh relatives the anaphoric element is covert, a gap; this class is then subdivided into that relatives and bare relatives depending on the presence or absence of that."

Sentence Relative Clauses
"Sentence relative clauses refer back to the whole clause or sentence, not just to one noun.

• They always go at the end of the clause or sentence.
• Tina admires the Prime Minister, which surprises me. (= 'and this surprises me')He never admits his mistakes, which is extremely annoying. (= 'and this is extremely annoying')"

Henry Ford

Demtri Martin, This Is a Book. Grand Central, 2011

Tai Van Nguyen, The Storm of Our Lives: A Vietnamese Family's Boat Journey to Freedom. McFarland, 2009

D.H. Lawrence, The Rainbow, 1915

Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Random House, 1969

G.K. Chesterton, "The Romance of Rhyme," 1920

Martin Luther King, Jr.

John R. Kohl, The Global English Style Guide: Writing Clear, Translatable Documentation for a Global Market. SAS Institute, 2008

Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey Pullum, The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, 2002

Geoffrey Leech, Benita Cruickshank, and Roz Ivanic, An A-Z of English Grammar & Usage, 2nd ed. Pearson, 2001

A subordinate clause is a clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence; it merely complements a sentence’s main clause, thereby adding to the whole unit of meaning. Because a subordinate clause is dependent upon a main clause to be meaningful, it is also referred to as a dependent clause.

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We can all go for ice cream.

This sentence is an independent clause. It has a subject and a verb, and on its own, it presents a complete unit of meaning: All of us are able to go out and have ice cream. (Hooray!)

But perhaps this isn’t all we need to convey.

We can all go for ice cream if I can find my wallet.

If I can find my wallet adds substantially to the meaning of the sentence. It is too soon to celebrate about our ice cream outing because there is a task at hand. We have to first find that wallet.

On its own, if I can find my wallet is a subordinate clause; it is not a full unit of meaning. If it was written separately as a sentence, the result would be a sentence fragment—your English teacher’s pet peeve.

What will happen if I can find my wallet? If a clause in your sentence leaves us hanging like this when set apart on its own, it is a subordinate clause.

Words that begin subordinate clauses

Subordinate clauses will often begin with subordinating conjunctions, which are words that link dependent clauses to independent clauses, such as for, as, since, therefore, hence, consequently, though, due to, provided that, because, unless, once, while, when, whenever, where, wherever, before, and after.

They can also begin with relative pronouns such as that, which, who, whom, whichever, whoever, whomever, and whose. Spotting these words can tip you off that you are dealing with a subordinate clause rather than a main clause.

Why do I need to know which clauses are subordinate?

Now that you can identify a subordinate or dependent clause, you may wonder how this information can be helpful to you. The answer to that is simple. It will help you to avoid hearing the words (from a teacher, editor, or coworker), “You should put a comma there.” Or the equally delightful, “You shouldn’t have put a comma there.”

Knowing which clauses are main (independent) and which are subordinate (dependent) will help you organize your ideas and place your commas correctly. The best part is, it is actually quite simple. When a subordinate clause begins a sentence, it has a comma after it. When the main clause begins the sentence, there is no comma to separate it from the dependent clause.

If I can find my wallet we can all go for ice cream.

We can all go for ice cream, if I can find my wallet.

If I can find my wallet, we can all go for ice cream.

We can all go for ice cream if I can find my wallet.

Comma placement level 2: Restrictive vs. nonrestrictive clauses

Punctuating subordinate clauses only gets tricky when they begin with relative pronouns such as that, which, who, when, where, and whose. Conveniently, this type of subordinate clause can be referred to as a relative clause. There are two types of relative clauses: restrictive and nonrestrictive.

Restrictive clauses are sometimes referred to as essential clauses. This is because they are essential to the meaning of the sentences they are a part of. Elements of a sentence that are essential should not be set apart with commas.

I enjoy watching movies that employ lots of special effects.

There should be no comma separating the restrictive clause that employ lots of special effects from the main clause I enjoy watching movies because it is essential to the meaning of the sentence.

The opposite is true with nonrestrictive clauses: They can be excised from a sentence without altering its core meaning. Since they are nonessential, they should always be set apart with commas in a sentence. Often, nonrestrictive clauses will “interrupt” a main clause, as in the example below, and when that happens, you should insert a comma both before and after the clause.

Watching Star Wars, which has lots of special effects, is my favorite thing to do.

Without the nonrestrictive clause which has lots of special effects, the core idea of the sentence, Watching Star Wars is my favorite thing to do, is still intact.