Mendeskripsikan hubungan antara ciri ciri khusus hewan dengan lingkungannya

HEWAN

Untuk mempertahankan hidupnya, hewan dan tumbuhan menyesuaikan diri dengan lingkungannya. Kemampuan makhluk hidup untuk menyesuaikan diri dengan lingkungannya dalam usaha mempertahankan hidup disebut adaptasi.

Untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya, hewan memiliki ciri khusus. Untuk mencari jalan dan makan pada malam hari, kelelawar mempunyai alat pendeteksi pada tubuhnya. Ole kelelawar, bunyi berfrekwensi tinggi dipancarkan melalui mulutnya, selanjujutnya bunyi tersebut dipantulkan oleh benda-benda disekitarnya. Kelelawar dapat memperkirakan jarak rintangan atau tempat makanan dengan mendengar pantulan bunyi (gema). Kemampuan kelelawar untuk mendeteksi tersebut dinamakan ekolokasi. Dengan ekolokasi pula kelelawar dapat terbang dikegelapan malam tanpa menabrak pohon.

Cecek dan tokek termasuk bangsa reptilia. Mereka merayap di dinding untuk berburu serangga-serangga kecil seperti nyamuk, laron, dan lalalt. Ceceak dan tokek tidak terjatuh saat merayap di didinding atau langit-langit bangunan karena telapak kakinya memiliki perekat. Perekat tersebut merupakan lapiran berupa struktur seperti rambut yang lengket.

Bunglon dapat melakukan mimikri, yaitu perubahan warna kulit. Mimikri berguna untuk mengelabuhi musuh. Makanan bunlon beruap serangga-serangga kecil, meisalnya jangkrik, belalang, dan capung. Dengan kemampuan berupa mimikri serta ketajaman matanya yang dapat digunakan untuk mengukur jarak mangsanya, bunglon dapat memperoleh makanan. Lidahnya yang panjang dan lengket digukanan untuk menarik serangga ke dalam mulutnya.

Untuk bisa bertahan hidup di padang pasir, untuk dilengkapi dnegan punuh. Ada untuk berpunuk satu, ada pula yang berpunuh dua. Punuk tersebut menunjang kemampuan untuk melakukan perjalanan panjang tanpa makan ataupun minum. Hal tersebut dimungkinkan karena punuk untuk berisi lemak sebagai tempat penyimpanan cairan yang merupakan sumber energi dan air, jika lemak habis terpakai, punuk untuk menjadi lemas dan mengecil. Selain berpunuk, untuk juga mempunyai kelebihan lain, yaitu tidak berkeringat dan hanya sedikit mengeluarkan kotoran. Selaian itu, untuk dapat minum sampai 57 liter tanpa henti dan perutnya dapat menyimpan rumput maupun air yang sangat banyak.

TUMBUHAN

Untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya, tumbuh-tumbuh mempunayi ciri khusus. Ciri khusus tersebut ada kaitannya dengan lingkungan hidupnya. Jadi tumbuhan, juga beradaptasi.

Daun teratai lebar dan umumnya berbentuk bulat. Daun yang demikian memudahkan penguapan air serta fotosintesis. Sebagai tumbuhan air, teratai memiliki ciri:

Daunya lebar
Tumbuhnya dari daasar air
Tangkai daun umumnya tumbuh menjalar
Helai daun mengapung di permukaan air
Tangkai bunga umumnya tumbuh tegak sehingga bunga-bunga-bunganya dapat muncul ke permukaan air, dan
Batangnya berlubang-lubang sebagai rongga udara.

Tumbuhan kantung semar dikenal sebagai tumbuhan pemakan serangga. Tempat hidupnya di rawa-rawa. Serangga diperlukan tumbuhan kantung semar untuk memenuhi nitrogen yang tidak banyak dikandung oleh rawa-rawa. Daun kantung semar berbentuk seperti piala. Cairan manis bahan pembuat madu (naktar) dikeluarkan dinding dalam daun kantung semar sebagai pemikiat serangga, sekaligus berfungsi sebagai pelarut serangga untuk diserap nitrogennya.

Tumbuhan venus juga pemakan serangga. Daun venus mempunyai engsel dan bulu. Daun venus bisa membuka dan menutup. Membuka ketika menunggu kedatangan serangga. menutup ketika serangga menyentuh bulu-bulu peka pada daun. Srangga yang dicernakan daun venus akan diserap nitrogennya.

Tumbuhan Rafflesia dikenal sebagai bunga bangkai. Sebagai tumbuhan parasit, Raffelesia tidak berklorofil. Perkembang biakannya dibantu lalat untuk terjadinya penyerbukan. Untuk menarik lalat agar datang, maka afflesia mengeluarkan bau busuk dan cahaa. Rafflesia dikenal sebagai bunga terbesar di dunia. Garis tengahnya sekitar 1 meter. Ciri-ciri lainnya adalah :

Sebagai parasit pada akar tumbuhan menjalar di hutan-hutan tropis (terutama di Asia Tenggara)
Batangnya terdiri dari jaringan benang halus yang tumbuh di daloam jaringan tumbuhan inangnya, dan
Kucul bunganya menembus tumbuhan inangnya.

Tumbuhan kaktus mampu tumbuh di daerah panas dan kering (padang pasir). Kaktus mempunyai batang yang berfungsi sebagai penyimpan air, ketika hujan turun, kaktus menyerap air sebanyak-banyaknya. Akar -akar samping pada kaktus mengisap air hujan sebelum air itu menguap. Air yang terisap disimpan pada batang kaktus yang berkulit tebal. Kulit penguapan. Batang kaktus mebengkak setelah hujan turun, sebaliknya batang kaktus mengkerut ketika air telsh terpakai, terutama pada musim kering.

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